75/m 

581 


MCrNRLF 


*B   2TD   55t 


•  STEIN'S 


SUMMARY  OF  TM  MAllOT 


HERODOTUS, 


BOSTON: 
PUBLISH p:i)  by  ginn,  heath,  &  CO. 

188  2. 


Copyright,  1880. 
By  JOHN  WILLIAMS  WHITE 


IN  MEMORfAM 


t^V\< 


Ginn  <&  Heath. 
J.  /S.  Cushing,  Printer,  Boston. 


STEIN'S    SUMMAUY 


DIALECT    OF    HERODOTUS. 


ryiHE  euphonic  and  inflexional  peculiarities  which  distin-  1 
-^  guish  the  language  of  Herodotus  from  Attic  Greek 
are  often  briefl}^  called  his  "dialect."  Both  in  these  and 
in  his  vocabulary  and  syntax  he  generally  agrees  with  the 
language  of  the  Ionic  historians  and  philosophers,  so  far 
as  we  can  judge  from  the  fragments  of  their  works,  which 
are  both  scanty  and  corrupt.  His  history,  therefore,  has 
alwa3's  been  reckoned  among  the  models  of  Ionic  prose.  The 
ancients,  however,  gave  it  this  rank  rather  on  account  of  its 
excellent  stj'le  than  because  of  its  pure  Ionic  form.  Exact 
grammarians,  indeed,  like  ApoUonius  Dyscolus,  avoided  nam- 
ing him  with  writers  like  Pherecjxles,  Hecataeus,  or  Democri- 
tus,  as  an  authority  for  Ionic  forms  ;  and  even  the  rhetoricians, 
who  paid  more  regard  to  vocabulary  and  expression,  regarded 
his  language  as  "mixed  Ionic."  And  it  is  true  not  only  that 
he  has  avoided  certain  clearl}'  established  lonicisms,  but  also 
that  he  has  admitted  here  and  there  no  inconsiderable  num-  ^ 
ber  of  forms  peculiar  to  other  dialects. 

The  ^relation  of  the  Ionic  dialect  in  its  earlier  and  purer   2 
form  to  the  other  dialects  is  to  us  as  obscure  and  uncertain  a 
matter  as  the  earher  history  of  the  Ionic  race.    In  earlier  times 

930619 


2  HERODOTUS. 

• 

the  Greek  grammarians  distinguished  between  an  older  Ionic 
of  Homey  and  a  luew  ijdnic  hf  the  writers  of  the  fifth  and  sixth 
centuries  .B-C.  ..lU^t.  this , cannot  be  historicallj-  attested  or 
estkblist^ied'';'  it  <aros& -frbiil  "-t!w3  effort  to  refer  the  formations 
peculiar  to  the  language  of  Homer,  as  far  as  possible,  to  some 
one  of  the  three  accepted  dialects,  particularly  the  Ionic,  and 
rested  upon  the  fixed  belief  that  Homer  was  a  native  of 
Asiatic  Ionia.  So  much  only,  is  certain,  that,  as  the  Ionic 
race  was  scattered,  its  dialect  lost  its  unit}^  and  homogeneous- 
ness.  It  had  even  at  the  time  of  the  Persian  wars  been 
separated  into  a  great  number  of  local  dialects.  There  were 
no  less  tlian  four  of  these,  clearly  distinguished,  in  the  twelve 
cities  of  the  Ionic  League.  Our  knowledge  of  these  local 
dialects  is  very  incomplete,  and  not  suflScient  to  enable  us  to 
determine  with  certainty  which  of  them  the  language  of 
Herodotus  most  nearly  resembles. 
3  The  forms  in  Herodotus  which  are  foreign  to  pure.  Ionic  are 
partly  borrowed  from  the  older  Epic,  and  are  partly  Doric. 
The  former  are  accounted  for  by  the  historian's  earnest  study 
of  the  Homeric  poems,  while  the  small  number  of  the  latter 
surprises  us  when  we  remember  that  we  are  dealing  with  an 
author  of  Doric  descent.  Before  the  time  of  Herodotus,  how- 
ever, even  at  Halicarnassus,  which  had  earlier  been  a  member 
of  the  Doric  Hexapolis,  the  Doric  of  the  older  settlers  had 
died  out,  leaving  but  few  traces,  and  an  atticized  Ionic  foi-m 
of  speech  had  already  become  prevalent.  It  was  to  this  that 
Herodotus  was  accustomed  from  his  youth  ;  but  his  extensive 
travels  made  him  acquainted  with  the  dialects  of  nearly  all 
the  other  Greek  states,  and  particularly  his  long  residence  in 
Attica  had  freed  him  from  provincialisms.    Under  these  influ- 


SUMMARY   OF   DIALECT.  3 

ences  he  developed  his  native  dialect  into  a  literary  language 
which  was  probably  not  very  different  from  the  older  Attic. 

It  is  difficult  to  determine  in  detail  with  what  degree  of 
rigor  and  consistency  this  was  done.  The  language  of 
Herodotus  gives  in  general  the  impression  of  homogeneous- 
ncss  ;  still,  much  want  of  uniformity  appears  in  the  forms  of 
his  words,  even  when  his  text  has  been  freed  from  the  arbi- 
trary changes  introduced  both  in  ancient  and  modern  times. 
Common  Attic  forms  occur  frequently  along  with  others  that 
are  distinctly  Ionic ;  often  one  .pecuhar  form  of  a  word  can 
be  matched  by  another  of  equal  authority,  and  the  laws  of 
euphony  and  inflection  peculiar  to  his  dialect  are  seldom 
observed  with  exact  consistency  through  a  long  series  of 
similar  formations.  It  must  indeed  be  remembered  that  even 
in  the  oldest  copies  of  his  text  careless  transcribers  have 
undoubtedl}^  admitted,  in  place  of  the  Ionic,  many  Attic 
forms  with  which  they  were  familiar  in  speech  or  writing,  and 
that  here  and  there  arbitrary  changes  of  rash  connectors  have 
been  adopted.  But  even  when  careful  criticism'  has  recog- 
nized these  as  foreign  to  the  usage  of  the  author,  and  has 
removed  them  or  at  least  pointed  them  out,  there  still  remain 
many  cases  of  lack  of  uniformity  which  cannot  be  made  con- 
sistent without  violence  to  the  text.  These  should  rather  be 
regarded  as  original ;  and  they  force  us  to  the  conclusion  that 
in  the  language  with  which  the  author  was  familiar,  but  which 
had  not  3'et  assumed  a  fixed  literar}^  form,  he  neither  found  a 
rigid  analogy  in  all  formations,  nor  sought  to  establish  any 
such  himself.  The  writers  of  the  fifth  centur}^  b.c,  down  to 
the  time  of  Xenophon,  did  not  regard  a  certain  freedom  of 
expression  as  well  as  of  form  as  fault}*,  and  were  not  much 


4  HERODOTUS. 

influenced  by  the  rules  of  the  sophists  and  rhetoricians  which 
sought  to  reduce  the  language  to  a  sort  of  scholastic  smooth- 
ness. Indeed,  in  every  kind  of  poetical  literature  of  every 
age, — and  prose  in  its  infancy  found  a  model  of  style  in 
poetry  alone, — they  saw  this  very  freedom  of  form  and  ex- 
pression not  avoided,  but  even  purposely  cultivated  as  a 
special  privilege  and  excellence  of  the  art  of  composition. 


Epic  Forms  and  Words. 

5  ov  01  with  hiatus  (see  Steiu  on  I.  109,  8). 

dp,-  before  p  and  ir,  iu  place  of  dva-  (apocope)  :  djiPoXaSriv,  djiPokras, 
dfiTravovTai  (eiravTciXai  ?    II.  142). 

Bao-iXriiSca)  (from  paortXTjos)  VIII.  132. 

8atTV|j,o'vco-t  (or  8atTvfjLovco-ori)  VI.  57. 

kXctiSwv  V.  72,   K6V€o's  VIII.  28. 

o  "ye  pronominal  II.  173. 

T|'v  possessive  I.  205. 

tve'oi  VII.  6,  fji()JLV€o  V.  105,  kojxo'coo-i  IV.  191,  li-yopocovro  VI.  11, 
clSofievov  VI.  G9,  jjicfiovevai  VI.  84,  TcOT^ira  II.  156,  de'^eiv  III.  80. 

v-xcipoxos  V.  92,  Ti,  IXapaipdTTjs  V.  4G,  vitIk  III.  116. 

at  -^6.^  I.  27,  if  K€  VII.  159,  Tfjxos  IV.  28. 

Doric  Forms. 

6  Besides  certain  formations  common  to  the  Ionic  and  Doric  dia- 
lects, particularly  the  contraction  of  €o  into  cv  (see  61,  79,  82,  83), 
there  belong  here  a  number  of  words,  mainly  proper  names,  in 
which  a  lias  been  retained  or  introduced  in  place  of  i],  in  some  cases 
in  agreement  with  the  Attic  dialect :  'A71S  (but  also  'H-yis),  'Ae'po-n-os 
(but  also  'HepoTTOs),  'AiriSavo's  (but  also  'HiriSavos) ,  0ea(ri8i]s  (see 
12  b),  'Apio-pa,  NvVa  (but  also  Nv'o-rj),  TiOopc'a,  ridpas,  Fv-ydSas, 
0T|pas  (but  ©TjpT]),  'Apio-Te'as,  IloXvas,  *A|AiXKas  (dat.  'AjjilXkci), 
©avvv'pas  (dat.  ©avvv'pa),  SiKas  (gen.  2iKa),  'Apidvras  AiJpas  Av'pas 
("ArXas).  Also  "yaiidpoi  in  place  of  •yswixopot,  NiKo'Xas  in  place  of 
NiKo'Xews,  AaKpCviis  in  place  of  AcwKpCvT^s,  AevrvxtS-qs  in  place  of 
AcwTuxfSils.  —  dvewvrai  II.  165  (=dv6iVTai).     Cf.  further  11,  83. 


SUMMARY   OF   DIALECT. 


IONIC   FORMS. 


The  euphonic  peculiarities  of  individual  words  in  the  Ionic  dia-  7 
lect,  aside   from  tlicir  inflexion  (42   sqq.),  consists   in  part  in  a 
more  or  less  regular  interchange  of  consonants  (8  sqq.)  and  vowels 
(12  sqq.)-     Besides  this,  hiatus,  whether  between  two  words  (34 
sqq.)  or  in  the  middle  of  a  word  (38  sqq.),  is  not  avoided. 

Interchange  of  Consonants. 

K  for  tr  in  all  pronominal  adjectives  and  adverbs  formed  on  the  8 
stem  TTo :  koics  okoios  koVos  Korcpos  K-g  ko'tc  kov  etc.,  except  in  diro- 
8airos. 

K  for  X  :  ScKojiai,  ovkC. 

T  for  6  :  avTis  (but  aw0i  in  avBi^cviis). 

I  for  K  :  |uvos  (more  frequently  koivo's). 

I  for  (TO- :  8l|o's  Tpi^o's  (but  never  ^vv  for  <nJv,  tt  for  a-ir). 

Shifting  of  the  aspiration :  ivdavra,  cvGcvtcv,  kiOwv  (but  e.g.  pa-  9 
rpaxos). 

General  neglect  of  aspiration,  both  within  and  at  the  end  of  the  10 
word,  before  aspirated  vowels.  This  occurs  especially  in  the  prepo- 
sitions cIvtC  diro  iiri  Kara,  fiera  vtto,  the  final  vowel  being  elided,  and 
in  ovK.  In  like  manner,  avTrjjjLcpo'v,  Toi'repov,  iir^^-^s,  on-*  ov,  Kara 
(=  Ka0a).  Exceptions:  to,  eVl  Gdrcpa  IV.  157,  KaOws  IX.  82  (?), 
d(j>-q(r€iv  VIII.  49  (on  account  of  the  play  on  'A4>sTai),  £<j)opos. 

Want  of  assimilation :  I'Sjwv,  o8}i-!J.  —  Shortening :  yivoiiai.  for  -yC-  n 
^vofjiai  (prop.  •yi'ycvojAai) ,  y\.viaa-K(a  for  yiyvwrKn. 

Interchange   of  Vowels. 

r\  (]])  for  a  (a)  :  a.  in  the  terminations  of  the  first  declension  (43)  ;  12 
here  belong  also  the  adverbs  XdOpt),  XCijv,  ire'pi^v. 

h.  in   the  verb-stems   (except  the  present)  of  all 
verbs   in  a»  and  in   the   derivatives   of  these  > 
verbs  (see  80):  e.g.  lQv\s.ir\(ri,  Qv[in\T^piov,  Oerjo-ofxcu 
0€TjTTJs  Ge'T]Tpov,  dirc'SpTi. 

C.  for  d  of  the  stem  :  -qifp,  K€KpT)fj.a(,  aKprjTos  KpTj-rrfp, 
KaT€T]7dTa  vavT]-ycs,  VcTivitjs,  vtjo's,  irpTJo-a-o),  TrpT]vs, 
ptlX^^I'  P^XOS»  cr4>pTi'yis,  Tprjxvs,  ^pT]rpr\,  —  Eu4)pT|- 
TT\s,  ©pTJilj  2upT]Kov(rai  SvpTiKoVios,  — ^"A^r^v,  *AKap- 
vi]V  (still  'AKapvaviT]), 'Evi-^yss  (but  rivSdv€s), — 
Owpul,   tpt]|   (=  U'pa|),    oii]Kit€iv,    dvi-qpo's,    ircpTjOe, 


6  HEI^ODOTUS. 

TpiKdpT]vos    (but   Kapa8cKeft)),   <}>\vr]p€eiv,    8it[kovos 

8lT]K0Ve€lV,   5LT]K0'cn.Ol,  Tplr^KOVTtt  Tpn]KOCriOl  rplT^KOlS. 

—  yiver]koyi(>),  cr£ipT]<j>opos,  o-KiT]Tpo(j5£«,  Ti|jiT]'y£vi5Tis 
(but  IGa-yevrls),  XoxiTyo's- 
d.  in  suffixes :  'lo-Tpit^vo's  2ap8iT]vo's,  'AXiKapvqo-o-o's 
Ilapviioro-o's,    KpT](rT<«)viTJTT]s  2TrapTirjTT]s  etc.  (but 
the  Doric  Avixavdrai  'Ovedrai  'Ydrai  Xoipcdrai). 

13  r\  for  a  :    irpv'iJLVT],  irpwpTi,  2|xvpvT],  o-|xvpvT],  —  in  substantives  in  -cia 

(from  adjectives  in  -tjs),  sucli  as  oXtjOcitj,  da-Qivdt],  do-<t>a- 
XcCt],  v^uiTj,  and  those  in  -oia  (from  adjectives  in  -oos),  such 
as  €uvoiT]  iTpovoit]  crvvvoir\  (but  8idvoia),  aarXoit],  dfjioxpoti], 
iraXippoiT],  —  finally  in  tpeirj  (from  ipev's,  but  Pao-iXeia)  and 
the  four  proper  names  'la-rialt]  MT]8eii]  <E»wKaiT]  (but  also 
#wKaia)  *12p€i6vtT]. 

14  J]  for  <a  :    in  the  two  gentile  nouns   Mai-tJTTjs  ManfjTis  and  'Afiirpa- 

Ki7JTT]s ;  fill  others  in  -wttjs  -tons  remain  unchanged. 

15  e  for  a  :    €pcrt]v,   reVcrcpES,    etc.  —  €(i>  for  ao  and  aco :   Xcws,  MeveXcws 

(still  Mcvc'Xaos  IV.  169,  VII.  169)  etc.,  Aetov£8r,s  etc.  (but 
also  Aao8a;xa9,  cf.  6),  'AXkuc'wv,  'A[jk(}>idp6cos,  IIoo-€i8€a)v, 
oircW.  —  In  the  present  and  imperfect,  Giiconai  occurs  in 
place  of  OcoCofxai. 

16  €   for  r\  :    ia-a-oj}   (--  i]TTaa>,  but  alwaj^s  t|o-o-«v),   |1€'v  for  jiTi'v  in  the 

combinations  -^  [jic'v,  y€  (xe'v,  ov  }jl€v  ovSe  (see  Stein  on  II. 
29,  1).  ^ 

17  €    for   o  :    TrcvniKo'vTcpos. 

18  €   for  61  :    KvTTgpos,    KpeVo-wv    }i(t,<av   irXe'cDV,    cp-yw,    Zi^(a   Se'^ai   €8ex0Tiv 

8£8£'x0ai  (from  ScCkwiaO'  €«6a,  Is  'da-ta,  —  in  the  following 
adjectives :  'Apijjicunrcos  'HpciKXeos  'YirepPdpeos  cmTifStos 
dvcTTiTTJScos  TeXcos  al'-ycos  po'eos  cofAoPdcos  ol'eos  X''iV€os,  and  in 
the  feminine  of  adjectives  in  vs :  GrjXvs  Br^Xea,  raxv's  raxta. 

19  €1  for  6  :    liiai,  cl'piov  elpivsos,   K£tvo's,  ^tivos,   (nreivo's,   Seipw,   dXia-ora, 

€l'po|jiai,  elpcoToCw,  etou'co,  d'vsKa  and  eivsKsv. 

20  ei  for  €V  :   civaros  elvaKoVioi,  eveiKai,  iirdwa-Qai. 

21  a  for  €  :    fji€Ya0os,  Tdfivw  Tpdirw  (present  and  imperfect). 

22  a   for  Tj  :    d.j.<}>icrPaT€'a)  d;i.<j>i<rpa(riT],  neo-auppCt],  Xofofxai  (from  \ayx.6.v<a, 

as  Xd|i,\j/onai  eXd}i.<})0T]v  XeXap-jjiat  from  Xafxpdvo))  Xd|is. 

23  a   for  o  :    dppw8€a)  dppw8CTi. 

24  I    for-  €  :    la-rir\  (omveo-Tii]?  VI.  128)  eirCo-Tios  lo-ridw  'lo-Tiatos  'Icrriaft]. 

25  I    for   i€  :    ipds    ipev's    ipdt]    iprjiov    ipo(j)dvTT]S    ipovp-yiai    Karipdo)    (but 

'Kpwv  'l€p«vvp.os  dpxi€p€vs  KaXXiepe'w). 
23  t  for  €v  :    I0vs  adj.   'straight,'  lQvv(a,  I0v  adv.  'straight  towards,' 
I0€ws  (and  ev0vs)  adv.  *  straightway.' 


SUMMARY   OF   DIALECT.  7 

b>  for  €  and   a  :   ir\ww    (but   much   ofteuer  irXeo)),   t«a)  (but   also  27 

(I)  for  av:   8ia{j>ci><rK<«)  (but  vTro'<j>av(ris) ,  Tpwjjia.  28 

0)  for  ot] :  o^SwKovTa.  On  the  contrary,  it  is  more  accurate  to  refer  29 
dXXo-yvwcras  evvwras  evvcvwKacrt  eve'vwTo  to  the  simple  stem 
vo-  ("yvo-)  than  to  vo€-;  in  like  manner  cpoxra  i^wrQr\v 
pePoDlxc'vos  should  be  referred  to  the  stem  Po-  and  not  to 
poa-.  (ePwGcov  epweiio-av  etc.  from  ^or\Q4(o,  which  formerly 
occurred  in  certain  places,  have  now  been  proved  to  be 
corrupt.) 
<a  for  ov :  «v  (■ywv  ovkojv) .  30 

r\v  for  av :  vtivs  vtiuoti.  31 

ov  for  o:    -yovvaTa  (from  -yovv,  but  8opv  Sopara  Sopdria),  jiovvos  i^-ov-  32 
vdci)  etc.,  Movpvxi8T]s,  vov<ros  (but  voo-cw),  ovpos  (=  opos, 
but  opos  '  mountain  '),  ovvojia  (but  dvofid^w,  ovojjiaivft)). 
iav  (a  weak  or  improper  diphthong  like  ci  tj  «,  except  that  v  is  writ-  33 
ten  after,  and  not,  like  the  i,  under  the  preceding  vowel) 
for  av :    6(tfv|j.a   6(i>v)i,d^a),   ({accdvtov   <r€<avrov   ewvrov,    covto's 
TuvTo'  etc. 


Hiatus. 

Hiatus  between  two  words  is  not  avoided  either  by  attention  to  34 
the  position  of  the  words  (as  in  the  Attic  writers  from  the  time  of 
Isocrates),  nor  by  elision,  crasis,  or  a  movable  consonant,  except 
in  the  case  of  ov,  which,  by  the  rule,  has  the  form  ovk  (but  see 
5  above). 

Elision  and  crasis  are  comparatively  infrequent.     The  following  35 
cases  of  crasis  are  peculiar:  d  d  into  «:  wvifp  cSvto's,  to  d  into  t«: 
Twpxaiov  Twird  TWYO'X'H'ft  Tw\T]9es. 

V  e<j>£XKvcrTiKdv  does  not  occur.     Final  v  is  wanting  also  in  cvcpOc  36 
ireptiOe  dirio-0€  irpoVOc  efjiirpoo-Oe  vir€p0€  KarvircpGc,  in  which  the  suffix 
has  almost  wholly  lost  its  sense  of  place  ;   elsewhere  always  -0€v 
(ttpXTi^sv  evOev  €O-o)0€v  etc.). 

Final  or  is  wanting  in  dxpt  K-cxP'-  ovtw,  but  occurs  in  drpcjias,  Terpd-  37 
Kis,  iroXXaKis  etc. 

Hiatus  also  in  the  middle  of  a  word  is  much  less  avoided  than  in  38 
Attic  Greek.     Therefore,  both  in  inflexion  (see  below)  and  in  the 
formation  of  words,  two  successive  vowels  or  a  vowel  and  a  diph- 
thong which  in  Attic  Greek  would  be  united  often  remain  uncon- 
tracted. 


8  HERODOTUS. 

39  The  following  cases  of  this  occur :  — 
ac :  dcKwv  (but  dpYo's) ,  dcGXos  deOXew  etc. 
aei :  d£iKTJs,  dcCSo)  deicrfjia,  deipd). 

6a:  cap,  eircdv  (but  always  t|V  aud  eTr€i8dv). 

€€  :  p€'£0pov. 

61 :  Bopuo-0€V€iTai. 

€o :  in  substantives  and  adjectives  of  the  second  declension  in  -cos 
-60V,  such  as  xpv'o-€os  00-T€0V. 

06:  Trpoe'xw  etc.,  dYaOoep-yo's  dYaOoepYiT)  8i]|xio€p7o's  XuKiocpYt^s  (but 
ipovpyit]  KaKOvp-yos  Kp€Oup"yT]8o'v  ^uXovp-ye'eiv  vTroupYc'civ  AuKovp- 
■yos,  kXtipovxos  irarpoilxos  iroXiovxos) ,  —  in  substantives  and 
adjectives  in  -o'cis  -o'eo-o-a,  such  as  (leXiro'cis  Al-yipo'eco-a  (but 
Olvovo-o-ai) . 

oi :  ois  (but  oteos) ,  oioto's,  KaTaTrpoL|€o-0ai. 

oo:  in  substantives  and  adjectives  of  the  second  declension  in  -oos, 
such  as  irXo'os  6vvoos  SnrXo'os  (but  SmtXti). 

40  In  like  manner :  — 
di:  *A£8tjs,  dicnroi. 

Tji:  8T]io'a),  -qiGcoi,  Xtiio-tt]S,  'M.r]io)v,  \pfi]ll<a. 

cot:  (I'qTpwios,  irarpwios,  TJpwiov,  irpwC,  <irpwios  (on  the  other  hand, 
*Ax€Xwos,  Kwos,  Tpwds,  t^ov  t<i>'8iov,  wo'v). 

41  In  like  manner,  but  with  the  first  vowel  lengthened :  — 

Til  (from  di) :  ©pTji^,  ©priiKt],  IIpovTiiT]  (I.  92,  elsewhere  and  oftener 
npovaiTi),  irpovrjiov,  piiiSios,  ©pao-vSrjios. 

r]i  (from  ei)  :  kXtiiw  KXiii8€s,  \t\ir\,  Xtjitov,  —  in  substantives  in  -da 
derived  from  verbs  in  -cvw,  such  as  pao-iXT]iii  0€paTrTjiT] 
oTpaTTiiT],  —  in  adjectives  in  -ctos,  such  as  dv8pT]ios 
dxpTJios  PopTJios  SovXtJios  (but  also  8ovXios)  etc.  (but 
0eios  Xcios),  4>oiviKT]ios  Ktjios  (from  Kc'ws  like  Tifios 
from  Tews)  Ka8Hniios  (in  KaSurjia  •ypdfip.aTa  V.  59,  but 
Ka8(jLeioi  and  the  proverbial  Ka8}i€CT]  vIkh]  like  Ap-yctos 
*HX€ios)  etc.,  —  in  neuters  in  -eiov,  such  as  dvYTJiov  dpt- 
orrrjiov  ep-yoX-rjiov  ipiiiov  (lavTrjiov  etc.  (but  Sevrcpeia). 
iroXiTJTTis  for  ttoXCttis  also  belongs  here  (but  this  form 
does  not  occur  in  compounds,  such  as  'HXioiroXiTai 
KoXXiiroXiTai) . 

Inflexion. 

42  The  dual  number  is  entirely  wanting. 

Successive  vowels  that  in  Attic"^reeF  would  be  unite(L.generally 
remain  uncontracted. 


SUMMAKY   OF   DIALECT. 


First  Declension. 


In  the  terminations  of  the  singular  a  becomes  r\ :  tro^iry,  i(r\vpr[,  43 
[jLiTls.     (For  exceptions,  see  6  above.) 

Nominatives  in  -tjs  form  the  genitive  singular  in  €« :   v€TjviT]s  44 
vfrjvUw,  but  those  in  -c'tis  not  in  -eew  but  in  e'w :  popcTjs  popew,  'EpntTjs 
'£p)ji€(a. 

In  the  accusative  singular  the  two  substantives  oKivaKi]?  Seo-iroTTis  45 
and  many  proper  names  in  -t]s  end  sometimes  in  -t]v  and  sometimes 
in  -ca,  as,  e.g.  Fv'yiiv  and  Fvyca. 

The  genitive  plural  ends  in  -eW :  yy(a^n\  yya^iav,  iroXiTfrrjs  ttoXitj-  46 
T€a)v.  This  is  true  also  of  the  feminine  of  all  adjectives  (with  the 
exception  of  those  of  two  terminations  in  -os  -ov),  numerals,  pro- 
nouns, and  participles,  whether  they  have  the  same  form  as  tlie 
masculine  or  not :  KcXaivcW,  v\|;t]X€W,  ctrxare'tov,  dvxicwv,  8it]koo-ic'(ov, 
iroXXcwv,  dXXc'wv,  d\\T]Xe'«v,  v}i€T€pECdv,  avre'cov,  tovtc'cdv,  okoo-c'wv, 
€ov(r6(uv,  apirao-Gcwrc'wv,  irpoKcificvewv,  Tcurcrop.6V£«v.  Barytones  shorten 
-66'wv  into  -€wv:  O-qXewv,  xpvo-c'wv, 'HpaKXc'cov,  MoXe'wv,  crvKc'tov,  ^vi<av 
(|iv€ai),  -ye'ttv  (-ye'ai),  but  yfvdiav  (•ycvci])?  distinguished  from  the 
neuter  ytvifav,  and  perhaps  also  d8€X({>€eW. 

The  dative  plural  ends  in  -tjo-u  47 

Second  Declension. 

The  dative  plural  ends  in  -own.  48 

Proper  names  like  M6veX€ws  *Aji<|)idp6cos  and  Xcws  8i}jiv€<os  follow  the  49 
so-called  Attic  second  declension ;    but  koCXos  Xa-yo's  vr\6s  d|io'xp€os 
iXeos  ttXcos  (e'liirXcos  eiriirXcos) ,  on  the  contrary,  do  not.     Compound 
adjectives  whose  second  part  is  -yTi  end  in  -"yaios  in  place  of  -ytas : 
PaOvYaios  iiriyaios  |i€XdY'yatos  (i.€<roYaios  viroYaios. 

Third  Declension. 

The  inflexion  of  consonant  stems  is  not  different  from  that  in  50 
Attic  Greek ;  but  it  is  the  essential  peculiarity  of  vowel  stems  that 
in  general  they  allow  no  contraction  when  the  final  vowel  of  the 
stem  precedes  a  vowel  in  the  case-ending. 
Neuters  in  -os,  such  as  [UyaQos  fieYaGcos  \L€ydQii.    Except  Biovs  I.  85.  51 
Adjectives  in  -tjs,  such  as  dXTiOrfs  dXTjeeos  dXTi0€'t  dXT]0€a  dXTjGccs  52 
dXTi0e'wv  dXT]0eo-i  dXT]0€'as,  adverb  dXiiGews  (nevertheless  dSews  dKXcws, 
and  perhaps  6.K\i6i  cvSed  KaraScd,  though  these  forms  are  doubtful). 
Proper  names  in  -kXc'i^s  :   0€|xiotokX€tjs  -sos  -«i  -c'a  -ecs.      To  "ApT)s 
belong  the  forms  "Apcos  "Apc'i  "Apca. 


30  HERODOTUS. 

53  Feminines  in  -w  and  -oJs  are  declined  as  in  Attic  Greek.  But  the  four 
accusatives  that  follow  are  exceptions:  Bovtovv,  'low,  Atjtovv  (?), 
Tijxovv.     In  place  of  ews  always  -qoSs  (-qovs  -noi  t^w). 

54  Substantives  and  adjectives  in  -is,  such  as  iroXis  iro'Xios  tto'Xi 
iroXtv  iro'Xies  (iro'Xis?)  troXicov  ttoXicti,  accusative  iro'Xias  and  iroXis 
(alwa3's  2ap5ts).  In  accordance  with  this,  also  'lo-is  "lo-ios,  ©ens 
06X1,  "Oo-ipis  'Oo-ipios.  —  opvis,  accusative  opviv  and  opvi6a.  x^^P^s? 
accusative  xap'-v  and  xaptra;  axapis,  dative  dxapi  I.  41,  neuter  plural 

55  Substantives  in  -vs  -vos  form  the  accusative  plural  in  -vas  or  -{Js : 
IxBv'as  and  lx9vs. — Those  in  -vs  -cos,  such  as  tttjxvs  -n-nxeos  irtfxei 
■n-rixvv  irrixees  m^xcwv  Trrjx^o'"'  irifxcas;  likewise  adjectives  in  -vs  -£os. 

56  Those  in  -evs,  such  as  pao-iXcv's  pao-iXe'os  Pao-iXe'i  ^aa-iXia  pacriXcv 
pocriXees  PaonXc'wv  Pao-tXevo-t  pao-iX€as  ('Yo-ids  ?  VI.  108). 

57  Neuters  in  -as :  Ks'pas  Kcp^os  Ke'pei  Kepca  Kcpe'cov.  In  like  manner, 
Y€pa.s  yipio<s,  ripas  repeos  (l3ut  repara  as  well  as  ripio).  Kpe'as,  geni- 
tive Kpe'cos,  plural  Kpe'a  Kp€wv.     But  "yrjpas  ^ifpaos  ^ripai. 

58  Nouns  irregularly  declined.  vr\vs  has  the  forms  vco's  vql  vca  vc'es 
V6WV  v7]vo-t  vc'as.  —  Besides  dKova,  the  regular  form  of  the  accusative, 
cIkwv  has  also  once  cIkw  VII.  69.  —  Generally  vlov's,  but  once  also 
vU'as  IV.  84.  —  (jLcts  in  place  of  ixti'v,  but  |it]vo's  etc.  —  OISIttovs  OlSi,- 
TTo'Scw  OiSiirovv.  —  Mivws,  genitive  Mtvw  and  Mtvwos;  iipws,  accusative 
■qpfov  and  i]'pwa;  irdTptos  irdxptDV,  but  (xifrptos  \n^Tp(aa..  —  ciXcos,  genitive 
plural  €lX«Tfvv  and  elXwreW  (from  €tXcoTT]s). —  (Tv<J)ws),  accusative 
Tv(|>iS,  but  also  Tv4>«v,  accusative  Tu<j>wva.  —  Kptvea  (from  Kptvos), 
but  also  Kptva  (from  Kptvov). 

Similarly  Se'vSpos  Se'vSpeos,  but  also  Se'vSpcov  SevSpe'ou  and  Sc'vSpov 
8e'v8pou.  —  <j>vXc|  <jjvXaKOs,  but  also  ()>vXaKOs  4>vXdKou.  —  The  adjective 
o-ws  has  in  the  neuter  c-o'ov,  and  in  the  plural  <ro'oi  <ro'ai  o-o'a  oro'wv.  — 
iroXXo's  occurs  everywhere  in  place  of  iroXv's,  except  in  compounds 
(such  as  iroXvYOvos) . 

Compariso7i. 

59  The  following  adjectives,  which  change  the  quantity  of  the  final 
vowel  or  vowels  of  the  stem  before  the  ending  -os,  are  nevertheless 
compared  like  the  ordinary  Attic  forms :  €iriTii8eos  eirirriSeo'Tepos  eiri- 
TT]5£o'TaTos,  olK-rfios  olKTiio'TttTOS,  avSp-q'tos  dv5pT]io'T€pos,  ipo's  IpwTaTCS. 
(Cf.  the  well-attested  Attic  forms  KevoVepos  o-revo'Tepos.) 

o-irov8aios  has  in  the  comparative  and  superlative  both  o-Trou8aio'- 
TttTOS  and  (nTov8aie'o-T£pos  o-'!rov8ai€o-TaTOs ;  to  vYii^po's  belong  both  vyn\- 
poVaTOsand  v^iTipcoTaros ;  djJiop<j>os  has  the  superlative  d(Jiop(|)€VTaTcs; 


SUMMARY   OF   DIALECT  11 

raxv's  has  both  rax^Tcpov  and  Gdtro-ov.  —  To  iroXXo's  (=  Attic  iroXvs) 
belong  the  following  comparative  forms  :  irXeW,  neuter  irXe'ov  and 
irXcvv,  irXcvvos,  irXe'ovt,  irXeova  irXew  irXcvva,  irXcvvcs  (irXe'ovs  II.  8), 
irXeovcov  irXevvwv,  irXeocri,  irXevvas,  and  the  adverb  irXeo'vws. 

Numerals. 

8vo :  gen.  8uo  and  8uc3v,  dat.  8v'o  and  8uoi<ri,  ace.  8vo.  —  TcVo-cpcs  60 
TtVo-cpa.  —  8va>8<Ka  and  8vo  Kal  8eKa.  —  Tccro-epeorKaiSeKa  Teo-crcpeo-Kat- 
8eKaTOs. 

Pronouns. 
Personal.  61 

Sing.  G.  €|JL60  and  €|jl€v         enclitic  jjlcv 
<r€o  and  crcv  *'       o-€v 

(wanting)  *'       €v 

D.  <roC  "        Toi 

A.  "        |i.iv  (=  avTOV  and  €a)vrov). 

Plur.  G.  t||1€'wv 

V|X6C0V 

or4>e<i)v  "        <r<|)€a)V 

D.  <r<|)t<ri  (=  ecavTouri)      "        <r<|>i  (=  avroiwi) 
A.  i^fJieas 

vjie'as 

o-<f>e'as  cr4>6'a  "        (r<f>€as  o-<|>€a. 

Reflexives.     €p.€wi>Tov,  o-£«vtov,  cwvtov  etc.  (see  33  above).  62 

Demonstratives.     oSe  i^'Sc  in  the  dat.  plur.  has  Tot<ri86  tt]o-i8€.  — The  63 
article  has  still  a  demonstrative  force  in  certain  connections.     See 
Stein  on  I.  172,  6.  —  Both  ckcivos  and  kcivos  occur,  the  latter  by  the 
rule  with  a  stronger  rhetorical  accent  (like  OcXciv  and  eOe'Xeiv). 

Relatives.    The  forms  of  the  relative  os,  with  the  exception  of  os  64 
T|  01  ai,  generally  begin  with  t  :  tov  ttjs  toL  etc. 

These  forms  occur  even  in  combination  with  the  prepositions 
€v  €K  €s  irpo's  <rv'v,  which  end  in  a  consonant  and  which  do  not, 
therefore,  suffer  elision,  and  with  irepi,  which  then  always  shows 
anastrope  (tov  mpi) ;  irpd  and  vire'p,  as  it  happens,  do  not  occur  in 
combination  with  the  relative.  But  after  the  prepositions  dvTi  dird 
8id  eirC  Kara  (isTa  irapd  viro,  which  end  in  a  vowel  and  may  be  elided, 
the  T-forms  of  the  relative  do  not  occur,  but  those  which  begin 
with  a  vowel  are  used:  dvr'  «v,  dir*  ov,  p.€T  ifs  (but  ttjs  K-e'ra  etc.). 
The  preposition  in  this  case  is  always  elided.  dn<|>i  and  dvd  are  not 
included  in  the  list  just  given  because  they  do  not  occur  before  rela- 
tives in  Herodotus.     The  forms  of  the  relative  that  begin  with  a 


12  HERODOTUS. 

vowel  occur  also  in  the  temporal  phrases  ev  w  'while',  e's  6'  (i<as  oiJ, 
axpi  ov,  jxe'xpt  ov)  '  until ',  €|  ov  '  since ',  and  in  the  expressions  of 
place  es  o  '  to  what  place  ',  ixc'xpi  ov  '  until',  h  «  'whereby '  (VI.  22). 
The  only  exception  to  the  rule  that  has  now  been  stated  is  4k,  which 
in  the  majority  of  cases  (18  times)  is  followed  by  tov  ti]s  twv  (besides 
irdpe^  Ttov  VIII.  73),  but  also  often  occurs  (9  times)  in  the  combina- 
tion €^  ov  c'l  ifs  6^  «v.  —  oo-Tis  never  has  initial  t.  It  shows  the  Ionic 
forms  of  the  pronoun  tis,  and  has  the  forms  ot€u  otcw  ot€«v  dreoio-i, 
and  diTo-a  (=  ariva,  arra). 

65  Interrogatives.  tis,  rev,  re'w  (also  rivi),  reW,  Teowrt.  The  indefi- 
nite Tts  differs  only  in  accent. 

Conjugation. 

Augment. 

66  Iterative  imperfects  and  aorists  in  -o-kov  and  -o-Ko'fi.'nv  occur  fre- 
quently, and  always  omit  the  augment:  e.g.  -n-oieWKov,  Xd^a-Kov, 
ayta-Kov,  €X€<rKov,  oSvpt'o-Kcro. 

67  The  syllabic  augment  is  wanting  only  in  a  small  number  of  plu- 
perfects, such  as  awaP€PTiK€€,  KaraXtXn-Kro.  —  The  perfect  of  KTa<r0ai 
is  cKTT]|xai,  the  pluperfect  eKTTjfA-riv.  — XP'HV  occurs  oftener  than  e'xpTjv. 
—  PovXo(j,ai  and  jieXXw  have  c ;  Sv'vafiat  c  oftener  than  t]. 

68  Great  diversity  prevails  in  the  use  of  the  temporal  augment,  and 
the  responsibility  for  this  rests  only  in  small  part  with  the  copyists. 
The  greater  number  of  verbs  beginning  with  a  vowel  are  aug- 
mented. But  some  verbs  (a)  omit  the  augment  entirely;  others  (h) 
omit  it  only  in  isolated  forms ;  while  others  still  (c)  have  some- 
times the  augmented,  sometimes  the  unaugmented,  form. 

69  a.  Verbs  that  are  never  augmented  are  dyivi(a  deOXe'co  djiciPofxai 
dppuSeo)  8iaiTci}|j,ai  aiviia  alpia  alrcft)  dvaio-ip,d(o  cvauco,  —  €w  cOcXoKaKEO) 
ep^d^ofiai  €p8b)  6<r<ro'«  cxcpoidw  iroi\i.aX,<a  ctKa^co  clpv'w  ctpwrdcd  el'pofjiai, 
and  all  that  begin  with  ev  except  cv'Sw. — dSoiiropto)  dp|xca>  ('anchor') 
dpiii'tw  dprdtw  ot|>€Xov  dvoi^w  (but  aviioyis  I-  187)  and  all  the  rest  that 
begin  with  oi.  —  Besides  these,  some  that  occur  but  once  each :  dXv- 
KTa^ov  djxavptoGt]  dvcdYe  Karap-yupwiie'vovs  TrpoaiSearo  (?)  c^cto  €\ivvov 
€^€p.iroXii|i€VCi)V  6<r0TjfJievos. 

70  b.  Verbs  that  omit  the  augment  in  isolated  forms  are  dyopevw 
(irpoa-ydpcue  I.  22),  a.y<a  (o.xQr\),  aybivit,0[i.ai  (dYcovi'Sarai) ,  dvSpairoStta) 
(dv8paTro8ior|i€  vovs) ,  dpi0|jL€«  (dpiOfjicovTo) ,  dpn^pLai  '  suspensus  sum' 
(dprtarai),  dpx"  (dp-yfA^VTlS  virap-yjie'voio-i  KaTapxovTo),  av|dvw  (ai'^- 
rai) ,  (D^KOi  (dv£XKU(r|ie vas) ,  eirw  (ir6pi€<J)0T)(rav) ,  6\{/»  (diT€\j/T)|jt€'vos) ,  dpudv 
(dp{XT]|xevos  dpfxearai  dpixearo). 


SUMMARY  OF  DIALECT.  13 

c.   Verbs  that  vary  are  dYciWoji.ai  ayyi^a  dXC^o)  aWdo-cco  dvSpovixai  71 
avTic'^a)  dTTCiXe'ci)  dirTW  dpfx-d^b)  dpreonat  (paror)  do-ird^onai  e^avaivca  avro- 
|jLo\eci>  eXevOepoo}  lirci-yojiai  eiritrrafiai  ep'Y'^'  ^^^  dvexcjiat  (T^V€<rxo|niv  and 
dv€<rxd(iT]v)  • 

lu  aclditiou  to  the  above,  the  followinjj  also  present  peculiarities :  72 
dpe'o)  imperf.  wpcuv,  e«9a  (ei'wOa),  edp-y£6   (ewp-y^t),  otKa  (eoiKa).  —  alpc'o) 
has  Attic  reduplication  in  place  of  the  augment :  dpatp-qKa  dpaipi^jxai. 

Personal  Endings. 

The  pluperfect  active  has  in  the  sing,  -ca  (-cas),  -cc,  in  the  plur.  73 
-care  :  ewdca,  €ir€'ird{JL4>€€,  <rvvT|8e'aT€. 

In  the  third  per.  plur.  of  the  first  aor.  optat.  -aicv  sometimes  occurs  74 
in  place  of -ciav,  though  quite  seldom ;  but  -ais,  -at  never  occur  in  place 
of  -etas,  -€t€.     lu  the  pass.  -eiTjo-av  and  -cisv  interchange  frequently. 

The  following  endings  remain  uncontracted :  —  75 

Those  of  the  future  of  liquid  verbs  (generally),  as  in  tninavew 
diropa\e£is  p.€V€'o{j.€V  diroXe'et  diroOaveeo-Gat  (but  also  d{Jivv€V(rt  d^oOavcv- 
}t€vovs  etc.)  ;  -eat,  -ao,  -eo,  of  the  second  per.  sing,  in  the  mid.  and 
pass. :  ({>aiveat  ^T]{jLt(da-eai,  eSe'^ao,  el'peo  e-ye'veo,  ireiOeo  (but  -ev  sometimes 
occurs  in  place  of  -eo,  especially  in  the  imperative :  etXev  -irpoo-Se'Kev 
irvOev);  -e'co  and  -e'a)|xev  -e'oxrt  in  the  aor.  subj.  pass. :  diratpeOe'co  eVtrw- 
fle'cojiev  (}>ave'a)<ri.  On  the  contrarj',  the  so-called  Attic  future  has  the 
contracted  forms  everywhere,  or  changes  ov  to  ev :  vojjitovnev  KOfttev- 
p.e0a  KaTttKovTtet  (jiaKapteiv  x^-pw^  (mid) . 

In  the  optat.  endings  -oivto  -atvro,  v  regularly  becomes  a :  d'yoiaTo  76 
"YeucaiaTO  Svvalaro  ircipwaTO. 

Similarly  the  third  pers.  plur.  of  the  perf.  and  plup.  pass,  of  verbs  77 
whose  stems  end  in  a  labial  or  palatal  mute  is  often  formed  by  add- 
ing -arat  and  -aro,  for  -vrat  aud  -vto,  directly  to  the  aspirated  stem, 
thus  avoiding  the  usual  periphrastic  form,  which  would  otherwise 
be  necessary :  Te6d({>aTat  KaTe«rTpd'vJ)aTo,  dva}i,ep.ixaTat  eTerdxaTo.  The 
aspiration  is  wanting  only  in  tlie  forms  belonging  to  iKveofjiat,  such 
as  diriKarat  diriKaro.  There  are  even  three  denominative  verbs  in 
-il<a  -dt«,  namely,  dyoivil<a  xmpila  <rK€vdt«,  which  emploj'^  these  end- 
ings and  fonn  their  third  pers.  plur.  in  the  perf.  and  plup.  pass,  on 
an  apparent  -8  stem :  dycDviSarat  KexwptSarat  eo-KevdSaro. 

These  endings  are  often  used  also  in  pure  verbs.  In  this  case,  if  78 
the  stem  would  naturally  end  in  r\,  lengthened  from  a  or  e,  the  t]  is 
shortened  to  e :  dprc'arat  TJYe'arat  eKTe'aro  IreTtp-e'ttTo  KaraKexvaro,  even 
direKEKXe'ttTo  (IX.  50,  from  diroKXTjtw) ,  aud  on  the  same  analogy  Kare'a- 
rai  (=  Kd0-r]VTat)  Kare'aTo,  StaKe'arat  e'Ke'aro  (=  eKetvTo).  See  further, 
91  below. 


14  HERODOTUS. 

Formation  of  the  Tenses. 

79  Verbs  in  -£^«  have,  as  in  Attic  Greek,  a  contract  future  in  -iw 
-lovjjiai,  in  which,  however,  ov  often  becomes  ev :  vojiiovjitv  jiaKapwiv 
Xapiei  xapiettyQa-i)  K0ixi€v'|X€9a  oirwpietJvTcs.  —  Similarly  verbs  in  -at<o : 
diroSoKiiia,  Sikolv  (but  I.  96  SiKacrofxcvoi) ,  and  analogously  kXta  tXas  cXa 
eXcacri  eXwv. 

80  Verbs  in  -aw  lengthen  the  a  of  the  stem  to  t]  in  all  tenses  except 
the  present  and  imperfect,  even  w^hen  i  €  p  precede :  alriTjo-aixcvoi 
PiTjOei's,  0€T]cr€ai  (but  eareov  VIII.  108),  ircipTJo-oiiai  xpiicrai  xp'n'crofiai. 

81  The  following  liquid  verbs  have  ■r\  in  place  of  a :  dirolTipTjvai  dvcl-rj- 
prjvc,  l<rxvT]vwcri,  €KepST]V€,  KOiXrjvas. 

Contract  Verbs  in  -ia>  -dw  -dw. 

82  Verbs  in  -e'o)  generally  remain  uncontracted :  Troic'to  irou'eis  iroUs 
iroieT).  But  iQr\iiTo,  riOei  (see  87)  are  exceptions,  and  Sei  eSei  Sciv  and 
8€€i  e'Sec  Se'eiv  vary.  Besides  this,  the  diphthong  €v  often  occurs  here 
also  in  place  of  €o:  iroicvtri  vocvvres  Xuirevo-a  irowtJo-i  (partic.)  irroUvv 
cKoXciJvTo  irpoOujievfie'vov  etc.  The  imperat.  ending  e'co  (€€v)  is  short- 
ened to  -€o:  alreo,  <|>oP€o  (cf.  46).  The  pres.  of  the  optat.  act.  has 
the  ending  -oi|ii:  iroicoiixi.     The  only  exception  is  iroioiriv  VI.  35  (?). 

83  Polysyllabic  verbs  in  -dw  can,  in  the  Ionic  as  in  the  Doric  dialect, 
assume  the  inflexion  of  verbs  in  -e'w,  and  have  cw  cou  co  in  place  of 
aco  aov  ao.  The  extent  of  this  interchange,  which  may  have  been 
greater  at  an  earlier  period  of  the  language  (cf.  the  Homeric  t|vt€ov, 
H€voiv€ov),  has  become  very  uncertain  in  the  course  of  the  transmis- 
sion of  the  text.  The  principle  is  exemplified  now  in  only  a  few  verbs  : 
clpwrdv,  Kojidv,  |XTixa.vdo-6ai  (but  imperf.  e|XT]xavw  and  imperat.  (jiT)xavt3), 
dpdv  (but  imperf.  «p<ov),  dpfidv  dpixdcrOai  (but  wpjiwv,  wpfjiwvTo),  <j>oiTdv; 
and  even  in  these  the  change  is  not  made  in  the  dat.  plur.  of  the 
partic.  (cipwTtSo-i).  Add  to  these  the  isolated  forms  ciriTip-eW,  roXjitw, 
KaTaixap-yc'tov,  o-Ta0(jL€o'(i€voi,  TeXevTcovras.  co  and  iov  sometimes  be- 
come iv :  dpfoTivv  dvievvTai.  But  xpdo-0ai  has  everywhere  cw  for  co  : 
Xpewfxai  cxpcwvTo  xP^^JJ-^^os  (except  imperat.  xpio  I.  155,  and  cf. 
Xpcdv).     Similarly  xp€««ra  from  xpdv  VII,  111. 

84  Verbs  in  -dw  retain  everywhere,  as  in  Attic  Greek,  the  long  a 
arising  from  contraction,  which  elsewhere  in  the  Ionic  dialect  be- 
comes Tj :  <j)oiTa  t^oira,  <j>oiTdv.  Besides  this,  the  following  cases, 
which  are  exceptions  to  the  practice  even  in  Attic  Greek:  xpdv 
Xpdo-Gai  Kvdv  trp-dTai  (but  8ii|/t)v  tiiv).  — The  pres.  optat.  ends  in  -w'tjv 
(pass.  -w'|jn]v)  :  evopwT),  vikwev,  tijicoto. 


SUMMARY   OF   DIALECT.  15 

Verbs  in  -ow  suffer  contraction  throughout,  as  in  Attic  Greek.  85 
But  except  in  the  influ.  tv  often  occurs  in  place  of  ov:  tSiKaiou 
eXEvOepovvTO  IkevQ^povv,  eSiKaiev  dvSpevffcevw. 

Verbs  in  |ii. 

Besides  the  inflexional  forms  peculiar  to  these  verbs,  there  are  86 
others,  mainly  from  presents  in  -tot  -ctw  -o'w,  some  of  which  occur 
oftener  than  the  -fii  forms. 

Ti0t]jj.t:  Ti0€i  (Ti0r]<ri  IV.  73),  riOeio-t,  imperf.  €Tt0  6a,  6Ti0€€,  aor.  87 
optat.  mid.  ■7rpoo-0e'oiTO  vTro0e'oiTO  (but  also  irpo0€iTO  III.  148).  —  itj  p,  t 
has,  as  if  from  a  present  iw  or  lew,  the  forms :  i€i,  imperf.  t'ci,  subj. 
diriT)  dmewo-i ;  the  compound  p.€Tii]p.i  has,  as  if  from  a  pres.  periw,  the 
perf.  part.  p.€fji€Tip,e'vos  (but  p,€T€i<r0o)  IV.  98).  For  dveWrai,  see  6 
above.  —IT lip, IT \ Tip, I  :  cfiirtirXei  VII.  39,  but  otherwise  regular,  like 
wrrqpt  :    iripirXapEV  iripirXdo-i  'irip'ir\a(r0€  etc. 

l'<rTT]pt  :    i(rra  and  I'orniort,  lo-rdo-i,  imperf.  icrra  and  'i(rTr\.     Perf.  88 
cVrdo-i,  part,  eo-rews  (like  tcOvcws,  but  still  cVrqKOTwv  VI.  140,  VIII. 
79),  €(rTc3(ra  and  eo-TTjKuia,  tcrniKo's  (but  tcOvcos),  iufin.  fo-rdvai  (like 
T€0vdvat  (TvpPePdvat) .  —  Kipvt^pi  :   Kipva. 

SiSwpi  :  8i8ois  8i8oi  (seldom  8i!8coo-i),  8i8ov(n,  imperf.  €8i8ovv.  89 

SciKvvps.  has,  as  in  Attic  Greek,  even  SeiKvuo-i  (like  diroWvo-t  Ka-  90 
T€pYvi»<ri  (TvppTi-Yvucri,  but  also  less  often  SeiKw'ouo-i),  e8€iKvu€.  —  t,iv- 
yvv\Li:  sometimes  ^evyvv'wv  iUvyvvov,  like  diroWv'cis  from  diro'XXvpi. 

In  the  the  third  pers.  plur.  of  the  pres.  and  imperf.  mid.  and  pass.  91 
of  the  verbs  that  have  been  mentioned,  and  of  verbs  analogous  to 
them  in  formation,  the  endings  -arai  -aro  occur  frequently  in  place 
of  -vrat  -VTo,  as  in  the  cases  mentioned  above  in  76-78 :  nOearai 
iriQiaro,  €8€iKvv'aT0.  If  in  this  case  a  precedes  -arat  -aro,  it  is  weak- 
ened to  c  :  lo-Tearai  icrreaTO,  cirKrre'aTai  iirifrriaTO,  Swcarai  tSwearo, 
ciriirXeaTo,  dvaircirTcaTai.  i 

The  second  aor.  subj.  act.  has  the  uncontracted  form  in  ew  (cf.  75  82 
above)  :  ©€«  Oe'wpev  0€'cocri  0€'a>pai  0£'«VTai,  orTewpcv,  ^Ewpcv. 

€lpi,  €ts   (irepi'eis),  elpe'v,  subj.  ew  ■gs  "n  € wo-t,  optat.  €tT]<rav  and  div  93 
(once  €veot  VII.  6),  partic.  ctov  coxiora  eo'v,  imperf.  sometimes  ta  care, 
oftener  4'o-k€  4'o-kov,  otherwise  rfv. 

et pi,  imperf.  Tjia  t(i€  TJwrav.  ^  94 

olSa,  ot8as,  ot8ap6v  and  I'Spiev  (especially  in  the  phrase  t«v  tlpeis  95 
tSpev),  I'craort  (once  o\;8aari  II.  43),  subj.  €l8€w  €i8ea)p€v  dSitocri,  optat. 
€l86iTi(rav  and  ciSeuv,  imperf.  ij'Sea  13866  •gSe'are  ■n'86o-av,  fut.  elSTjo-o). 


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